|
Spring 2006
Notes and Highlights for
the Month of April
|
-
April highlights were certainly
not few and far between. In addition to holding two very successful
beginner bander workshops the first two weeks of the month, the captures
of many species (and a couple record setting numbers) helped make April
very eventful. This was the first time in 10 years we have banded
more than five Northern Rough-winged Swallows in a spring (and it's still
only April) and we set a new high daily total for Ruby-crowned Kinglet
with 70 banded on 30 April 2006
(the previous high daily total was 57 on 20
April 2000). More of the April highlights
can be found below accompanied by photos.
-
Overall, seventeen of the 26 species
banded this month were wood warblers. American Goldfinch topped the
list with 284 banded, Ruby-crowned Kinglet came in a close second with
276, and Dark-eyed Junco came in third with 149. Such a successful
April would not have been possible without the help of the many staff,
volunteers, and visitors. For this reason we would like to thank
our seasonal banding assistant, Keri Parker,
Powdermill administrative assistant, Cokie
Lindsay, Louisiana Waterthrush intern, Christian
Meny, and volunteers, Jessica
Scopel, Pam Ferkett, Brian Jones, Jamie McDougal, Emma DeLeon, Glenn Stauffer,
Fred McCullough, Carol Leppold, Molly McDermott, and Matt Shumar.
We also welcomed a post-doc researcher from Switzerland, Simone
Immler, for a two week stay at Powdermill
and thank her for all the assistance she provided us on a daily basis while
she was here collecting data for her project. Read more about her
and her research in next week's update.
-
With so many highlights this month,
it makes sense to start at the beginning. So, on April 1st we captured
our first Chipping Sparrow for the year....
-
Four days later we welcomed our
first beginner bander workshop group to Powdermill for their week long
stay and first introduction to bird handling and banding techniques.
And, what an introduction it was!
-
While it turned out to be a beautiful
(and productive) first day, the morning temperatures were in the 30's and
wet snow blanketed the ground. Once we were able to open nets, though,
we were quite busy and had banded 101 birds by the end of the day.
After an introduction like that, we welcomed the more seasonal temperatures
throughout the rest of the week and also the more manageable numbers for
the beginner group. All involved had a great time and found it an
awesome learning experience.
.
In the photo below, from left
to right, is: Keri Parker (PARC Spring Banding Assistant); Jeff Michaels,
Bob Mulvihill (PARC Field Ornithology Projects Coordinator); Beth Girard,
Jonathon Gottsche, Mike Lanzone (PARC Assistant Field Ornithology Projects
Coordinator); Cailin O'Connor (holding Keri's newly adopted dog, Kody);
Adrienne Leppold (PARC Bander-in-Charge) with Puppy, and Bob Leberman (PARC
Senior Bird Bander Emeritus).
-
While the first week of April at
Powdermill typically is not very noteworthy for its bird diversity, our
workshoppers still were treated to a nice variety of birds. Our first
Rusty Blackbirds for the season presented a nice comaprison between a male
and female and also provided us an opportunity for a brief discussion on
ageing and the importance of being familiar with an individual species'
molt pattern before arriving at an age determination. The top photo
is an AHY female and the bottom photo is an SY male. The underwing
photo is of the same immature male pictured below. It is important
to know that most icterids can have a complete first prebasic molt in the
fall. Because of this, it is often difficult to distinguish adults
(ASY) from immatures (SY) at this time of year. The only reason we
were able to do so in the case of this male was because he had a few retained
(browner) juvenal underwing coverts (shown in the third picture below),
as is often the case in this family of birds.
-
Tail feathers from both of these
birds were collected to aid researchers at the Smithsonian's Migratory
Bird Center who are invesitgating possible causes behind long-term declines
in this quintessential boreal breeding bird (for more information,
click
here).
-
The first Tree Swallow of the season
was a recapture of a returning breeding resident male (sex known based
on previous handlings), but the workshoppers got a chance to band their
first one just before they left on Sunday, April 9th. Like icterids,
young swallows can have a complete first prebasic molt, leaving us no cues
as to the age of this bird. Furthermore, an adult female could have
similar bright iridescent plumage, which left us unable to accurately sex
the bird as well. So, in the end, this bird was recorded at this
recapture simply as an AHY of undetermined sex.
-
April is the month for Brown-headed
Cowbirds at Powdermill. Although we have banded cowbirds in every
month of the year, fully two-thirds of all our cowbirds (2,945 out of 4,482)
have been banded in April.
-
All too often, we hear disparaging
remarks from our visitors concerning cowbirds--e.g., "the only good cowbird
is a dead cowbird!" Their bad reputation stems from their atypical
reproductive strategy, a strategy called obligate brood parasitism.
This means that after adult cowbirds mate, females lay their eggs in nests
of other species that in turn act as "hosts," or foster parents, for the
cowbird nestlings. Adult cowbirds provide no parental care to their
young whatsoever.
.
The impact of this highly specialized
breeding strategy can be negative on the host species, because female cowbirds
often will remove a host egg before laying one of their own, and the usually
larger cowbird nestling will sometimes force one or more of the smaller
host young out of the nest completely or simply command the far greater
share of food brought to the nest. Because cowbirds, a native songbird
species, historically occurred in open prairie habitats, they are a relatively
new component of the breeding bird communties in the formerly very heavily
wooded eastern deciduous forest. As that forest was removed, and
as it continues to be fragmented by humans for their use, cowbirds have
been able to expand eastward, in the process encountering many new potential
"host" species for their young. The cowbird almost always is implicated
in declining trends for many species of eastern forest nesting songbirds,
and this has made them aves non grata among many bird watchers and
bird conservationists.
.
At Powdermill we take a very
different view of this interesting native songbird species. Because
it is a legally protected migratory species, we believe that cowbirds should
not be persecuted for an evolutionary strategy that they have evolved over
eons, a strategy originally well-adapted for a nomadic life following huge
buffalo herds in the prairie Midwest and, as it turns out, successful in
present day contexts, too. In fact, while they are "Wanted," dead
or alive, by many purported bird "lovers," we believe that the cases
where species must be actively protected from productivity losses associated
with cowbird parasitism are few and far between--limited, for example,
to genuinely endangered and highly geographically restricted species like
Kirtland's Warbler, Golden-cheeekd Warbler, and Black-capped Vireo.
.
In the course of a single nesting
season, a female cowbird produces 30-40 eggs over as many or more days,
and she must find almost as many nests of potential host species at just
the right stage of laying in order for just a few of her offspring to have
the chance to survive to independence--this is about the same number of
young that many cowbird host species themselves will raise in a single
season by tending just one or two nests containing four or five eggs each.
.
Locally, there can be some significant
exceptions where cowbird nesting success almost completely eclipses the
nesting success of its host species. That is, some small forest fragments
in predominantly agricultural landscapes are large enough to attract forest
nesting host species, like Wood Thrush, but these hosts experience exceptionally
heavy cowbird parasitism pressure due to the fact that a very large population
of cowbirds is supported by the surrounding agricultural landscape.
In these settings, host species may effectively raise only cowbird young,
with the result that from the host species perspective, the breeding location
constitutes a deep "population sink." Again, though, the irrefutable
negative impact of cowbirds on some host species in such settings is symptomatic
of the generally negative effect on many ecological processes of conversion
of forest to other land uses by human beings. These negative impacts
are by no means limited to elevated rates of brood parasitism by cowbirds
on some songbirds.
-
Arriving along with the three participants
for the second beginner bander workshop offered from 11 April - 15 April
were our first wood warbler of the spring, this SY male Yellow-rumped Warbler,
and this handsome adult (ASY)
male Eastern Bluebird.
.
-
While the focus for our beginner
workshops is primarily on handling techniques, net extraction, and banding
ethics, (in the photo below, Adrienne Leppold instructs workshopper Erin
High on the proper way to band a Belted Kingfisher),
we inevitably incorporate a little
bit of explanation of the banding age codes, molt sequences, and ageing
techniques. In the photo below, Adrienne explains thrasher molt to
workshoppers (from left to right) Erin High, Andrea Adams, and Jason Reppart.
-
Other new species for the spring
that were banded during the first half of April included Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
(top) and Hermit Thrush (bottom). Our first (of 15 banded so far
this spring) BGGN was an adult female (males have prominent black "eyebrows"
in alternate, or breeding, plumage.
click
here for more April Highlights
< HOME >
return to
past pictorial highlights
Last Updated on 05/05/06
By Adrienne J. Leppold and
Robert S. Mulvihill